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Document ID ca-ledrwa-2017-01-11 Title Lead in Drinking Water URL https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/programs/consultation-lead-drinking-water/document.html Jurisdiction /ca Subdomain(s) Drinking water, Water quality standards, Treatment process, Monitoring and analysis Language en Status completed Analyzed at 2026-03-22 04:16:06.211738+00:00 Relevance Consultation on proposed lead guidelines, monitoring, and treatment methods.

Q Qualitative Requirements (51)

Req ID Category Intent Legal Status Name Subdomain(s) Context Conditions Confidence
#Q001operationalhealthrecommendedALARA principle for leaddrinking waterEvery effort should be made to maintain lead levels in drinking water as low as reasonably achievable (or ALARA).high
#Q002monitoringunknownrecommendedTarget areas for lead monitoringdrinking waterLead monitoring should focus on areas known or likely to have lead service lines or that have older buildings and should include zones supplied by potentially corrosive water (e.g., dead ends in a chloraminated system) and consecutive systems.high
#Q003corrective_actionoperationalrecommendedCorrective actions upon MAC exceedancedrinking waterAn exceedance of the proposed MAC should be investigated and followed by the appropriate corrective actions.When the proposed MAC is exceededhigh
#Q004corrective_actionoperationalrecommendedAssessment of cause prior to corrective actionsdrinking waterHowever, these actions should be based on an assessment of the cause of the exceedance using appropriate protocols, such as those found in Guidance on Controlling Corrosion in Drinking Water Distribution Systems.During investigation of an exceedancehigh
#Q005monitoringunknownrecommendedCompliance monitoring locationsdrinking waterCompliance monitoring should be conducted at the consumer’s tap, with priority given to identifying homes with lead service lines, as these are likely to have the highest lead concentrations.high
#Q006monitoringunknownrecommendedCorrosivity monitoring protocoldrinking waterIf the objective is to characterize whether distributed water is corrosive to the materials found in the distribution system and household plumbing, the Guidance on Controlling Corrosion in Drinking Water Distribution Systems should be used.When assessing water corrosivityhigh
#Q007monitoringhealthrecommendedPrioritizing vulnerable facilitiesdrinking waterSchools and daycare facilities should also be prioritized for monitoring to ensure that the most sensitive population (i.e., young children) is captured.high
#Q008monitoringunknownrecommendedMinimum monitoring frequencydrinking waterSampling should be conducted at least once per year, with the number of sites to be monitored determined based on the size of the drinking water system and the type of building, as discussed below.high
#Q009monitoringunknownrecommendedYear-round samplingdrinking waterSampling programs should be conducted throughout the year to take into account seasonal effects on lead variability.high
#Q010monitoringunknownrecommendedSampling location within residencesdrinking waterSampling should be conducted at the cold water tap in the kitchen or other appropriate location where water is collected for drinking or food preparation.high
#Q011monitoringunknownrecommendedSample collection mechanicsdrinking waterRegardless of the protocol used, all samples should be collected in wide-mouth sample bottles, and without removing the aerator.high
#Q012monitoringunknownmandatorySample preservation (residential)drinking waterThe samples need to be acidified using a 2% nitric acid solution and held for a minimum of 16 hours after preservation with nitric acid before analysis.high
#Q013monitoringunknownrecommendedSample mixingdrinking waterEach sample should be thoroughly mixed prior to analysis using an appropriate method (see Section 6.0).high
#Q014monitoringunknownrecommendedMinimum sample size for RDTdrinking waterIt is recommended that total lead be monitored, at least once per year, at the tap of a minimum of 20 randomly selected residences in each water supply zone.high
#Q015monitoringunknownrecommendedRDT sample volumedrinking waterA 1 L sample should be collected randomly during the day from a drinking water tap in each of the residences.When using RDT samplinghigh
#Q016monitoringunknownrecommendedRDT sampling conditionsdrinking waterSamples should be collected without prior flushing; no stagnation period is prescribed, to better reflect consumer use.When using RDT samplinghigh
#Q017monitoringunknownrecommended30MS sampling preparationdrinking waterThe tap should be flushed for 5 minutes, allowed to stand for a 30-minute stagnation period, during which time no water should be drawn from any outlet within the residence (including flushing of toilets).When using 30MS samplinghigh
#Q018monitoringunknownrecommended30MS sample collectiondrinking waterTwo 1 L samples should then be collected at a medium to high flow rate (greater than 5 L/minute).When using 30MS samplinghigh
#Q019monitoringhealthrecommendedMonitoring locations in schools and daycaresdrinking waterIn schools and daycares, it is recommended that total lead be monitored, at least once per year, at each of the drinking water fountains or cold water taps where water is used for drinking or food preparation.high
#Q020monitoringunknownrecommendedTiming of sampling in schools and large buildingsdrinking waterSampling should be conducted between the months of June and October, but when the buildings are fully occupied and functional, to capture typical exposure levels – recommended to be in either June or October for schools.high
#Q021monitoringhealthrecommendedMonitoring locations in large buildingsdrinking waterIn multi-dwelling (i.e., more than six residences) buildings or large buildings, it is recommended that total lead be monitored, at least once per year, at each of the drinking water fountains and at a proportion of cold water taps where water is used for drinking or food preparation.high
#Q022monitoringunknownrecommendedPrioritizing sites in multi-dwelling buildingsdrinking waterWhen sampling multi-dwelling buildings, priority should be given to sites suspected or known to have full or partial lead service lines.high
#Q023monitoringunknownrecommendedRDT sampling protocol in multi-dwelling buildingsdrinking waterA RDT sampling protocol is recommended for these sites to capture typical exposures, including potential exposure to particulate lead.In multi-dwelling buildingshigh
#Q024monitoringunknownrecommendedRDT sampling methodology for schools and large buildingsdrinking waterRDT sampling should be conducted by collecting a sample at drinking water fountains or at cold water taps where water is used for drinking or food preparation, without a stagnation period and without prior flushing.high
#Q025monitoringunknownrecommendedRDT sample collection details in schools/buildingsdrinking waterTwo 125 mL samples should be collected, preferably in wide-mouth sample bottles, at a medium to high flow rate without removing the aerator.high
#Q026monitoringunknownmandatorySample preservation (schools/buildings)drinking waterThe samples need to be held for a minimum of 16 hours after they are acidified using a 2% nitric acid solution and prior to analysis.high
#Q027monitoringunknownrecommendedSample mixing (schools/buildings)drinking waterEach sample should be thoroughly mixed prior to being analyzed using an appropriate method (see Section 6.0).high
#Q028monitoringhealthmandatorySampling plan design considering vulnerable occupantsdrinking waterThe sampling plan for schools and child care centres/facilities must consider that many occupants in these buildings are the most susceptible to the adverse health effects from lead exposure.high
#Q029monitoringunknownrecommendedPrioritizing outlets in schools and daycaresdrinking waterConsequently, sampling plans for these facilities should prioritize every drinking water fountain and cold water outlet used for drinking or food preparation over infrequently used outlets.high
#Q030monitoringunknownrecommendedSampling plans in other building typesdrinking waterIn other building types, sampling plans should also target drinking water fountains and cold water outlets used for drinking or food preparation, but with the number of sites sampled based on the size and population of the building.high
#Q031monitoringunknownrecommendedAcidification level or heated digestiondrinking waterSince the use of 0.15% nitric acid for preservation does not adequately capture particulate lead, it is recommended that 2% nitric acid be used for the preservation step or that heated digestion, as outlined in EPA Method 200.8, be used when analyzing lead in drinking water samples.high
#Q032monitoringunknownrecommendedQualified personnel for 2% nitric acid additiondrinking waterIt is important to note that the addition of 2% nitric acid should be undertaken by qualified personnel and using appropriate precautions.high
#Q033monitoringunknownrecommendedAcidification limitation for homeownersdrinking waterTo this end, if sampling is conducted by homeowners, the sample should only be acidified and held upon arrival at the laboratory.If sampling is conducted by homeownershigh
#Q034operationalhealthrecommendedEncourage full service line replacementdrinking waterGenerally, utilities should encourage consumers to replace their portion of the lead service line to minimize exposure to leadhigh
#Q035corrective_actionoperationalrecommendedFlushing and cleaning after service line replacementdrinking waterCorrosion control measures that include partial or full replacement of the lead service line should ensure that appropriate flushing is conducted after the replacement and that debris is subsequently cleaned from the screens or aerators of outletsAfter partial or full lead service line replacementhigh
#Q036corrective_actionoperationalrecommendedInitial flushing and post-replacement samplingdrinking waterExtensive initial flushing by the consumer should be encouraged, and weekly or biweekly sampling should be conducted until lead levels stabilize.Following service line replacementhigh
#Q037monitoringunknownrecommendedExtended tap monitoring after replacementdrinking waterThe water quality at the consumer’s tap should be monitored closely following both full and partial lead service line replacement for several months after replacement.Following service line replacementhigh
#Q038administrativeoperationalrecommendedCommunication regarding aerator maintenancedrinking waterThe importance of regularly cleaning outlet aerators should be communicated to consumers to ensure that any lead-containing particles are removed as part of ongoing maintenancehigh
#Q039monitoringunknownrecommendedTiming for routine samplingdrinking waterroutine sampling should be conducted during the same period every year from June to October, especially for monitoring of homes with lead service lines, as levels of lead are expected to be highest in those monthshigh
#Q040corrective_actionoperationalrecommendedResponse to red water episodesdrinking waterAs discoloration (red water) episodes can be accompanied by the release of accumulated contaminants, including lead, they should trigger maintenance actions, such as systematic unidirectional flushing of the distribution system, to ensure that all particles are flushed out before the water reaches the consumerDuring red water episodeshigh
#Q041monitoringunknownrecommendedTesting before treatment device installationdrinking waterBefore a treatment device is installed, the water should be tested to determine general water chemistry and to verify the concentration of lead.Prior to point-of-use or point-of-entry device installationhigh
#Q042monitoringunknownrecommendedPeriodic verification testing of treatment devicesdrinking waterPeriodic testing by an accredited laboratory should be conducted on both the water entering the treatment device and the finished water to verify that the treatment device is effective.high
#Q043operationalunknownrecommendedTreatment device maintenancedrinking waterConsumers should verify the expected longevity of the adsorption media in their treatment device as per the manufacturer’s recommendations and service the device when required.high
#Q044treatmenthealthrecommendedRecommendation for certified treatment devicesdrinking waterHealth Canada does not recommend specific brands of drinking water treatment devices, but it strongly recommends that consumers use devices that have been certified by an accredited certification body as meeting the appropriate NSF/ANSI drinking water treatment unit standard(s).high
#Q045monitoringunknownguidanceReduction of monitoring frequency in schools and daycaresdrinking waterJurisdictions may choose to reduce monitoring if they have established that the lead issues have been identified and addressed.If lead issues have been identified and addressedhigh
#Q046monitoringunknownrecommendedMetals sampling during red water episodesdrinking waterTherefore, such events [discoloration (red water) episodes] should not be considered only as an aesthetic issue, but should trigger sampling for metals and potentially additional distribution system maintenance.During discoloration (red water) episodeshigh
#Q047monitoringunknownguidanceLaboratory best practices for total lead estimationdrinking waterBest practices leading to a better estimation of total lead include ensuring that no aliquot or volume transfers occur prior to preservation or analysis, in situ sample preservation where feasible, maintaining a minimum holding time of 16 hours after preservation, thoroughly mixing the sample prior to analysis and taking the aliquot directly from the original sample bottle.During laboratory sample preparationhigh
#Q048treatmentoperationalmandatoryRO product water pH adjustmentdrinking waterTherefore, the product water pH must be adjusted to avoid corrosion issues in the distribution system such as the leaching of lead and copperFollowing treatment by a reverse osmosis systemhigh
#Q049treatmentoperationalmandatoryAnion exchange pH adjustmentdrinking waterRaising the pH of the treated water may be required at the beginning of a run (100–400 BVs) to avoid corrosionDuring the initial 100-400 bed volumes of an anion exchange runhigh
#Q050monitoringunknownmandatorySampling protocol selection criteriadrinking waterMonitoring of lead at the tap can be done using different sampling protocols, but the selected protocol must take into consideration the desired objective.high
#Q051treatmentoperationalrecommendedPermanence of residential treatment devicesdrinking waterHowever, the use of such devices should not be considered to be a permanent solution.Regarding the use of residential drinking water treatment devices for leadhigh

P Quantitative Requirements (37)

Req ID Category Intent Legal Status Name Subdomain(s) Limit Type Limit Value Context Conditions Confidence
#P001chemicalhealthrecommendedProposed MAC for total lead in drinking waterdrinking waterMAC0.005 mg/LA maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) of 0.005 mg/L (5 µg/L) is proposed for total lead in drinking water, based on a sample of water taken at the tap.Based on a sample of water taken at the tap and using the appropriate protocol for the type of building being sampled.high
#P002designhealthmandatoryLead content limit for pipes and fittingsdrinking waterrequirement<= 0.25 %legislation limiting the weighted average lead content of pipes, pipe fittings and plumbing fittings to 0.25%Weighted averagehigh
#P003chemicalhealthmandatoryLeachable lead limit for kettlesdrinking waterrequirement<= 0.010 mg/LThe Hazardous Products (Kettles) Regulations limit the amount of lead that may be released when water is boiled, in kettles or similar products, to 0.010 mg/L.When water is boiled in kettles or similar productshigh
#P004operationaltreatmentmandatoryNSF/ANSI Standard 53 Effluent Lead Concentrationdrinking waterrequirement< 10 µg/Lthe device must be capable of reducing an influent lead concentration of 150 µg/L to a maximum final (effluent) lead concentration of less than 10 µg/LFor a drinking water treatment device to be certified to NSF/ANSI Standard 53high
#P005designhealthmandatoryNSF/ANSI Standard 61 Single Product Allowable Concentrationdrinking waterrequirement<= 5 µg/LWhen materials are certified to the standard, the concentration of lead must not exceed the single product allowable concentration of 5 µg/LFor materials certified to NSF/ANSI Standard 61high
#P006chemicalhealthmandatoryLead limit for toys and children's productsotherrequirement90 mg/kgThe lead content of applied surface coatings on toys, jewellery, furniture and other products intended for children was restricted to 90 mg/kg total lead.As of November 2010high
#P007chemicalhealthmandatoryLead limit for children's jewelleryotherrequirement600 mg/kgThe lead content of all jewellery items intended for children under 15 years of age is limited to 600 mg/kg total lead.For children under 15 years of agehigh
#P008chemicalhealthguidelineCCME soil quality guideline for human healthotherrequirement140 mg/kgmost samples contained lead at concentrations below the current Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) soil quality guideline for human health (140 mg/kg).Residential and parkland soilshigh
#P009operationaloperationalrecommendedAcidification strength for lead sample preservationdrinking waterrequirement2 %The samples need to be acidified using a 2% nitric acid solution and held for a minimum of 16 hours.Nitric acid solutionhigh
#P010operationaloperationalrecommendedMinimum flow rate for lead samplingdrinking waterrequirement> 5 L/minuteTwo 1 L samples should then be collected at a medium to high flow rate (greater than 5 L/minute).30MS sampling protocolhigh
#P011operationalreportingrecommendedMinimum residential samples per water supply zonedrinking waterrequirement20 residencesIt is recommended that total lead be monitored, at least once per year, at the tap of a minimum of 20 randomly selected residences in each water supply zone.Per water supply zonehigh
#P012operationalreportingrecommendedMaximum population per water supply zonedrinking waterrequirement<= 50000 residentsMonitoring programs are conducted within defined water supply zones, which can vary in size but generally should not exceed 50,000 residents each.Geographical areas with uniform water qualityhigh
#P013operationalreportingmandatoryMonitoring frequency for lead at the tapdrinking waterrequirement>= 1 times/yearSampling should be conducted at least once per year, with the number of sites to be monitored determined based on the size of the drinking water system.At the consumer's taphigh
#P014operationaloperationalguidelinePractical quantitation limit (PQL) for leaddrinking waterOG0.005 mg/LThe practical quantitation limit (PQL) for the U.S. EPA-approved methods is 0.005 mg/L (5 µg/L).Based on capability of laboratories using approved methodshigh
#P015chemicalhealthmandatoryExisting MAC for lead in drinking water (1992)drinking waterMAC0.01 mg/LThe existing guideline for lead, last updated in 1992, based its maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) of 0.01 mg/L (10 µg/L).Historical regulatory statushigh
#P016operationaloperationalmandatoryStagnation period for 30MS sampling protocoldrinking waterrequirement30 minutesThe tap should be flushed for 5 minutes, allowed to stand for a 30-minute stagnation period.During which time no water should be drawn from any outlet.high
#P017operationaloperationalmandatoryInitial flushing time for 30MS sampling protocoldrinking waterrequirement5 minutesThe tap should be flushed for 5 minutes, allowed to stand for a 30-minute stagnation period.Prior to 30 minute stagnation.high
#P018operationaloperationalmandatorySample volume for residential lead samplingdrinking waterrequirement1 LA 1 L sample should be collected randomly during the day... Two 1 L samples should then be collected.Applicable to both RDT and 30MS protocols.high
#P019operationaloperationalmandatorySample volume for schools and large building samplingdrinking waterrequirement125 mLTwo 125 mL samples should be collected, preferably in wide-mouth sample bottles.RDT sampling at drinking water fountains or cold water taps.high
#P020operationaloperationalmandatoryMinimum acidification holding perioddrinking waterrequirement>= 16 hoursThe samples need to be held for a minimum of 16 hours after they are acidified using a 2% nitric acid solution.Prior to analysis.high
#P021chemicalhealthmandatoryMigratable lead limit for children's jewelleryotherrequirement90 mg/kgThe lead content of all jewellery items intended for children under 15 years of age is limited to 600 mg/kg total lead and 90 mg/kg migratable lead.For children under 15 years of age.high
#P022operationalreportingguidanceMulti-dwelling residence classification thresholddrinking waterrequirement> 6 residencesIn multi-dwelling (i.e., more than six residences) buildings or large buildings...Classification for monitoring protocols.high
#P023operationaltreatmentmandatoryNSF/ANSI Standard 53 Challenge Influent Lead Concentrationdrinking waterrequirement150 µg/Lthe device must be capable of reducing an influent lead concentration of 150 µg/L to a maximum final (effluent) lead concentration of less than 10 µg/L.For certification to NSF/ANSI Standard 53.high
#P024physicaloperationalguidanceSample turbidity threshold for hot digestiondrinking waterrequirement> 1 NTUaddition of hydrochloric acid for hot digestion when the sample turbidity is above 1 nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU)when particulate lead is present or suspectedhigh
#P025chemicaloperationalguidelineStandard nitric acid preservation concentrationdrinking waterrequirement0.15 %standard acid preservation (0.15% nitric acid)pH < 2high
#P026chemicalhealthguidanceCancer risk derived concentrationdrinking watertreatment_goal7 µg/Lexcess lifetime cancer risk of 10−6 was used to derive a concentration of 7 µg/Llifetime human cancer riskhigh
#P027chemicalhealthguidanceNon-cancer neurodevelopmental risk derived concentrationdrinking watertreatment_goal0.008 - 0.08 µg/Lacceptable level of risk ranging from 10−4 to 10−5... correspond to concentrations ranging from 0.008 to 0.08 µg/Lfor children aged 5–11 years, identified as the most sensitive populationhigh
#P028operationalreportingmandatoryNewfoundland monitoring frequency (population > 5,000)drinking waterrequirement4 times/yearLead monitoring is conducted semi-annually for all public water supplies in the province, and quarterly for populations larger than 5,000.Populations larger than 5,000 in Newfoundland and Labradorhigh
#P029operationalreportingmandatoryNewfoundland monitoring frequency (general)drinking waterrequirement2 times/yearLead monitoring is conducted semi-annually for all public water supplies in the province.General public water supplies in Newfoundland and Labradorhigh
#P030chemicalhealthmandatoryHistorical Lead Surface Coating Limit (1976-2005)otherrequirement5000 mg/kgapplied surface coatings on older products sold... between 1976 and 2005 may have contained up to 5000 mg/kg lead.Products sold between 1976 and 2005high
#P031chemicalhealthmandatoryHistorical Lead Surface Coating Limit (2005-2010)otherrequirement600 mg/kgapplied surface coatings on older products sold between 2005 and 2010 may have contained up to 600 mg/kg total lead.Products sold between 2005 and 2010high
#P032operationaloperationalrecommendedSchool and Daycare Monitoring Windowdrinking waterrequirementJune - October monthsSampling should be conducted between the months of June and October... recommended to be in either June or October for schools.When buildings are fully occupied and functionalhigh
#P033chemicalreportingmandatoryMethod 200.8 Method Detection Limitdrinking waterrequirement0.02 - 0.6 µg/LMethod 200.8 Rev. 5.4 (U.S. EPA, 2009a) uses ICP-MS and has MDL values ranging from 0.02 to 0.6 µg/L.Analysis of total lead using ICP-MShigh
#P034chemicalreportingmandatoryMethod 200.9 Method Detection Limitdrinking waterrequirement0.7 µg/LMethod 200.9 Rev. 2.2 (U.S. EPA, 2009a) uses stabilized temperature platform GFAAS and has an MDL of 0.7 µg/L.Analysis of total lead using GFAAShigh
#P035chemicalreportingmandatoryStandard Method 3113B Method Detection Limitdrinking waterrequirement1 µg/LSM 3113B has also been approved for the analysis of lead using GFAAS and has an MDL of 1 µg/LAnalysis using GFAAShigh
#P036chemicalreportingmandatoryPalintest Method 1001 Method Detection Limitdrinking waterrequirement2 µg/LAn MDL of 2 µg/L was established for lead during U.S. EPA validation testing done by three laboratoriesDifferential pulse anodic stripping voltammetryhigh
#P037operationaloperationalguidanceRDT to 30MS Sample Count Ratiodrinking waterrequirement2 - 5 timesDue to its random nature, RDT sampling requires 2-5 times more samples than 30MS to be statistically robust.When using RDT as an alternative to 30MS for identifying priority areashigh

D Definitions (91)

Req ID Category Name Context Confidence
#D001water supply zonesgeographical areas within which the quality of drinking water is considered approximately uniformhigh
#D00230MS30 minutes stagnation timehigh
#D003ACSLAdvanced Continuous Simulation Languagehigh
#D004ADHDattention deficit hyperactivity disorderhigh
#D005ALADγ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratasehigh
#D006ALARAas low as reasonably achievablehigh
#D007ANSIAmerican National Standards Institutehigh
#D008APPamyloid precursor proteinhigh
#D009ASCIIAmerican Standard Code for Information Interchangehigh
#D010ASMEAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineershigh
#D011ASVanodic stripping voltammetryhigh
#D012BLLblood lead levelhigh
#D013BMDbenchmark dosehigh
#D014BMD 01benchmark dose associated with a 1% change in responsehigh
#D015BMD 10benchmark dose associated with a 10% change in responsehigh
#D016BMDL 0195% lower confidence limit on the BMD 01high
#D017BMDL 1095% lower confidence limit on the BMD 10high
#D018bwbody weighthigh
#D019CCMECanadian Council of Ministers of the Environmenthigh
#D020CCPSACanada Consumer Product Safety Acthigh
#D021CIconfidence intervalhigh
#D022CPSCConsumer Product Safety Commission (U.S.)high
#D023CSACanadian Standards Associationhigh
#D024CSMRchloride to sulphate mass ratiohigh
#D025DNAdeoxyribonucleic acidhigh
#D026DOSDisk Operating Systemhigh
#D027EFSAEuropean Food Safety Authorityhigh
#D028EPAEnvironmental Protection Agency (U.S.)high
#D029FAOFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nationshigh
#D030FFfully flushedhigh
#D031FORTRANFormula Translating System (now known as Fortran)high
#D032GC-MSgas chromatography/mass spectrometryhigh
#D033GFAASgraphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopyhigh
#D034HBVhealth-based valuehigh
#D035HOMEHome Observation for Measurement of the Environmenthigh
#D036IARCInternational Agency for Research on Cancerhigh
#D037IEUBKIntegrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model for Lead in Childrenhigh
#D038ICPinductively coupled plasmahigh
#D039IQintelligence quotienthigh
#D040JECFAJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additiveshigh
#D041LTPlong-term potentiationhigh
#D042MACmaximum acceptable concentrationhigh
#D043MDLmethod detection limithigh
#D044MMSEmini-mental status examhigh
#D045MSmass spectrometryhigh
#D046NCRMPNational Chemical Residue Monitoring Programhigh
#D047NHANESNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (U.S.)high
#D048NPCNational Plumbing Code of Canadahigh
#D049NPRINational Pollutant Release Inventoryhigh
#D050NSFNSF Internationalhigh
#D051NTUnephelometric turbidity unithigh
#D052OMOEOntario Ministry of the Environmenthigh
#D053ORodds ratiohigh
#D054Pbleadhigh
#D055PBPKphysiologically based pharmacokinetichigh
#D056PM 2.5particulate matter having an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 μmhigh
#D057POEpoint of entryhigh
#D058POUpoint of usehigh
#D059PQLpractical quantitation limithigh
#D060PTWIprovisional tolerable weekly intakehigh
#D061RDTrandom daytimehigh
#D062ROreverse osmosishigh
#D063RRrelative riskhigh
#D064SCCStandards Council of Canadahigh
#D065SMStandard Methodhigh
#D066Sp1specificity protein 1high
#D067WHOWorld Health Organizationhigh
#D068BVsbed volumeshigh
#D069CDWFederal-Provincial-Territorial Committee on Drinking Waterhigh
#D070ICP-MSinductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometryhigh
#D071WQAWater Quality Associationhigh
#D072BNQBureau de normalisation du Québechigh
#D073IAPMOInternational Association of Plumbing & Mechanical Officialshigh
#D074allometric scaling factorfactor used to account for toxicokinetic differences between mice and humanshigh
#D075WSAWater Security Agencyhigh
#D076LPDWSlarge public drinking water systemshigh
#D077Leada dense, odourless, bluish-grey, lustrous metal that is malleable, insoluble and resistant to chemical corrosionhigh
#D078LSLslead service lineshigh
#D079multi-dwellingmore than six residenceshigh
#D080NAPSNational Air Pollution Surveillance programhigh
#D081blood lead indextime-weighted average BLL corresponding to total exposurehigh
#D082concurrent BLLBLL closest to testinghigh
#D083early-childhood BLLmean BLL from 6 months to 2 years of agehigh
#D084creatinine clearanceestimated from creatinine in serum and in urine collected over 24 hourshigh
#D085mild mental retardationan IQ of less than 70high
#D086gifted childrenchildren with an IQ of more than 130high
#D087full replacement of a lead service lineutility and homeowner portions of a lead service line replacementhigh
#D088partial lead service line replacementreplacing only the utility or consumer's portion of a lead service linehigh
#D089red waterdiscoloration episodeshigh
#D090composite proportional samplingsampling achieved with a consumer-operated device fitted to the drinking water tap that splits off a small, constant proportion of every volume of water drawn, typically over a period of 1 weekhigh
#D091NRCCNational Research Council of Canadahigh