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Document ID ca-gcdwqgtd-2018-08-24-2 Title Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality: Guideline Technical Document - Bromate URL https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/healthy-living/guidelines-canadian-drinking-water-quality-guideline-technical-document-bromate/guidance-document.html Jurisdiction /ca Subdomain(s) Drinking water, Water treatment, Monitoring and analysis Language en Status completed Analyzed at 2026-03-17 16:49:53.503341+00:00 Relevance Provides drinking water quality standards, monitoring, and treatment for bromate.

64 Qualitative 24 Quantitative 99 Definitions

Q Qualitative Requirements (64)

Req ID	Category	Intent	Legal Status	Name	Subdomain(s)	Context	Conditions	Confidence
#Q001	treatment	health	mandatory	Disinfection Effectiveness	drinking water	Efforts to limit the concentration and/or formation of bromate must not compromise the effectiveness of disinfection.		high
#Q002	administrative	operational	recommended	Purchase Certified Hypochlorite Solutions	drinking water	Purchase hypochlorite solutions that are certified as meeting NSF International (NSF) /American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Standard 60 for the maximum use level (MUL) of 10 mg Cl2/L and that have minimum handling and storage time between product manufacturing and delivery dates.	For facilities using hypochlorite solutions	high
#Q003	operational	operational	recommended	Use Certified Low-Bromide Salt	drinking water	For water utilities using on-site systems for the generation of hypochlorite, use a low-bromide salt that is certified as meeting NSF/ANSI Standard 60.	For water utilities using on-site systems for the generation of hypochlorite	high
#Q004	operational	operational	recommended	Hypochlorite Handling and Storage	drinking water	Follow the handling and storage recommendations outlined in Appendix B.	For facilities using hypochlorite solutions	high
#Q005	administrative	operational	recommended	Quality Control Program for Solutions	drinking water	Establish a quality control program to verify product quality and manage solution storage.	For facilities using hypochlorite solutions	high
#Q006	administrative	health	recommended	Implementation of Risk Management Approach	drinking water	All water utilities should implement a risk management approach such as the source-to-tap multi-barrier approach or water safety plan approach.		high
#Q007	operational	operational	mandatory	Operator Training Requirement	drinking water	Operator training is also required to ensure the effectiveness of the water safety plan at all times.		high
#Q008	monitoring	reporting	recommended	Focus on Ozonation and Hypochlorite Sources	drinking water	Since ozonation of bromide-containing waters and the use of hypochlorite solutions are currently considered the primary sources of bromate in drinking water, monitoring should focus on these processes.		high
#Q009	monitoring	operational	recommended	Source Water Characterization for Ozonation	drinking water	Water utilities using ozone should characterize their source water to assess water quality parameters (i.e., bromide, temperature, pH, alkalinity, natural organic matter, ammonia) as well as how these change on a seasonal basis.	For utilities using ozone	high
#Q010	monitoring	reporting	recommended	Quarterly Raw Water Bromide Monitoring	drinking water	Quarterly monitoring of raw water bromide is recommended to characterize the source water and allow correlation to bromate (and brominated disinfection by-products).		high
#Q011	monitoring	operational	mandatory	Process Control Monitoring for Ozone Facilities	drinking water	Therefore, for facilities using ozone, parameters such as ozone, alkalinity, temperature and pH require more frequent process control monitoring.	For facilities using ozone	high
#Q012	monitoring	operational	mandatory	Process Monitoring for Hypochlorite Facilities	drinking water	For facilities using hypochlorite solutions, process monitoring is also required to ensure water is adequately disinfected and disinfection by-product formation is minimized.	For facilities using hypochlorite solutions	high
#Q013	administrative	operational	mandatory	Hypochlorite Solution Purchasing and Handling Procedures	drinking water	Procedures regarding the purchasing, handling and storage of hypochlorite solutions are also required to minimize the bromate concentration in the treated water.	For facilities using hypochlorite solutions	high
#Q014	monitoring	reporting	recommended	Quarterly Compliance Monitoring	drinking water	At a minimum, quarterly monitoring of treated water from surface water and groundwater sources is recommended at facilities using ozone or hypochlorite solutions to verify that the MAC is being achieved.	At facilities using ozone or hypochlorite solutions	high
#Q015	monitoring	reporting	recommended	Sampling for Re-chlorination Stations	drinking water	In systems with re-chlorination stations using hypochlorite solutions, quarterly samples should also be collected where re-chlorinated water enters the distribution system.	Systems with re-chlorination stations using hypochlorite solutions	high
#Q016	monitoring	reporting	recommended	Sampling Frequency for Hypochlorite Solutions	drinking water	For facilities using hypochlorite solutions, the sampling frequency should be representative of the "worst-case" scenario.	For facilities using hypochlorite solutions	high
#Q017	monitoring	reporting	recommended	Sample Collection Protocol	drinking water	Samples should be collected in precleaned opaque plastic or amber glass bottles containing the appropriate quenching agent for the analytical method.		high
#Q018	monitoring	reporting	recommended	Sample Pretreatment for Chloride Interference	drinking water	Sample pretreatment methods should remove high concentrations of chloride, which may interfere with bromate measurement.		high
#Q019	administrative	reporting	recommended	Discuss Sampling Requirements with Accredited Laboratory	drinking water	Water utilities should discuss sampling requirements with the accredited laboratory conducting the analysis to ensure that quality control procedures are met and that MDLs/MRLs are low enough to ensure accurate monitoring at concentrations below the MAC.		high
#Q020	administrative	reporting	recommended	Establish Analytical Performance Measures	drinking water	Water utilities should establish performance measures when specifying which analytical method to use (i.e., sample volume, sampling requirements, sample preservation and storage, MDL).		high
#Q021	treatment	health	recommended	Disinfection and Maintenance of Disinfectant Residual	drinking water	In general, all water supplies should be disinfected, and an adequate concentration of disinfectant residual should be maintained throughout the distribution system at all times.		high
#Q022	operational	operational	recommended	Understanding Source Water Characteristics and Seasonality	drinking water	Water utilities should have a good understanding of the sources and concentration of bromide in their source waters and the seasonal variability of water quality parameters that may affect the formation of bromate or other DBPs as described in Section 7.3.		high
#Q023	operational	health	mandatory	Ensure Disinfection Not Compromised	drinking water	Process optimization to reduce the formation of DBPs, including bromate, must not compromise the effectiveness of disinfection.	During process optimization	high
#Q024	administrative	health	recommended	Purchase NSF/ANSI Standard 60 Certified Hypochlorite	drinking water	To minimize the amount of bromate added to treated water, utilities should purchase hypochlorite treatment chemicals that are certified as meeting NSF/ANSI Standard 60 for the MUL of 10 mg Cl2/L (NSF/ANSI, 2016) and have minimum handling and storage time between product manufacturing and product delivery.		high
#Q025	administrative	operational	recommended	Quality Control Program Verification	drinking water	It is recommended that water utilities establish a quality control program to verify product quality and manage solution storage.		high
#Q026	monitoring	operational	recommended	Identify Natural and Anthropogenic Sources of Bromide	drinking water	Water utilities should identify natural and anthropogenic sources of bromide by adequately characterizing their source water.		high
#Q027	administrative	reporting	recommended	Ensure MRL is Low Enough	drinking water	Water utilities should ensure that the MRL is low enough for their purposes when specifying which analytical method to use		high
#Q028	operational	operational	recommended	Optimize O3 Dose for Seasonal Changes	drinking water	Water utilities should be aware of seasonal changes to optimize the applied O3 dose at all times while minimizing the formation of bromate and other DBPs.	For utilities using ozone	high
#Q029	monitoring	operational	recommended	Monitor Water Quality, O3 and Energy Consumption	drinking water	Water quality, O3 consumption and energy consumption should be monitored to ensure that treatment objectives are met.	For utilities using ozone	high
#Q030	operational	operational	recommended	Adjust Water Quality Goals for Seasonal Temperature Changes	drinking water	As water utilities cannot adjust the temperature during water treatment, they should be aware of seasonal changes and how their process responds for bromate and other DBP formation, so that they can adjust their water quality goals accordingly		high
#Q031	treatment	treatment	guidance	H2O2 Addition Advisory	drinking water	If treatment objectives include both advanced oxidation and disinfection, H2O2 addition is not recommended	If treatment objectives include both advanced oxidation and disinfection	high
#Q032	design	operational	recommended	Bench- or Pilot-Scale Testing Prior to Ozonation	drinking water	Bench- or pilot-scale testing is recommended prior to selecting ozonation to ensure it is the most appropriate solution with respect to water quality characteristics, treatment objectives and bromate formation.		high
#Q033	operational	health	recommended	Household Precautions for Hypochlorite Solutions	drinking water	The precautions outlined in Section 7.2.2 should be followed when individual households use hypochlorite solutions as the source of chlorine to disinfect their water.	For individual households using hypochlorite solutions as the source of chlorine to disinfect their water	high
#Q034	design	health	recommended	Use Certified Residential Treatment Devices	drinking water	...it strongly recommends that consumers use devices that have been certified by an accredited certification body as meeting the appropriate NSF/ANSI drinking water treatment unit standards.	For residential scale treatment	high
#Q035	design	operational	recommended	Point-of-Use Installation for Residential Devices	drinking water	Therefore, these devices should be installed only at the point of use.	For reverse osmosis and distillation devices	high
#Q036	monitoring	reporting	recommended	Periodic Testing for Residential Devices	drinking water	Periodic testing by an accredited laboratory should be conducted on both the water entering the treatment device and the finished water to verify that the treatment device is effective.	For residential scale treatment devices	high
#Q037	operational	operational	recommended	Verify Longevity and Maintain Residential Components	drinking water	Consumers should verify the expected longevity of the components in their treatment device according to the manufacturer's recommendations and service it when required.	For residential scale treatment devices	high
#Q038	operational	operational	recommended	Dilute Hypochlorite Solutions	drinking water	Dilute stored hypochlorite solutions upon delivery	For handling and storage of hypochlorite solutions	high
#Q039	operational	operational	recommended	Store Hypochlorite at Lower Temperatures	drinking water	Store the hypochlorite solutions at lower temperatures	For handling and storage of hypochlorite solutions	high
#Q040	operational	operational	recommended	Control pH of Hypochlorite Solutions	drinking water	Control the pH of stored hypochlorite solutions at pH 11−13 even after dilution	For handling and storage of hypochlorite solutions	high
#Q041	administrative	operational	recommended	Control Transition Metal Ions in Hypochlorite	drinking water	Control the removal of transition metal ions by purchasing filtered hypochlorite solutions and by using low-metal ion concentration feed water for the OSG systems and dilution water	For handling and storage of hypochlorite solutions	high
#Q042	operational	operational	recommended	Use Fresh Hypochlorite Solutions	drinking water	Use fresh hypochlorite solutions when possible	For handling and storage of hypochlorite solutions	high
#Q043	operational	operational	recommended	Use Low-Bromide Salt for OSG Hypochlorite	drinking water	For utilities using OSG hypochlorite, use a low-bromide salt to minimize the amount of bromide present in the brine	For utilities using OSG hypochlorite	high
#Q044	monitoring	reporting	recommended	Bromate Analytical Reporting Limit	drinking water	The analytical method used to measure bromate concentrations should have a reporting limit of 0.005 mg/L (5 µg/L) or less.	For facilities using ozone	high
#Q045	monitoring	operational	guideline	Monitor Brine Water Bromide	drinking water	For facilities generating hypochlorite on-site, it important to know the bromide concentration in the water used for the brine as this affects the amount of bromate that can be generated in the hypochlorite solution and subsequently added to the treated water.	For facilities generating hypochlorite on-site	high
#Q046	monitoring	operational	guideline	Verify Available Chlorine in Hypochlorite	drinking water	It is also important to verify the available chlorine in hypochlorite solutions as this concentration affects the chlorine dose required to achieve disinfection targets and, by association, the bromate concentration in the treated water.	For facilities using hypochlorite solutions	high
#Q047	operational	operational	recommended	Adjust Treatment Goals for Water Quality Changes	drinking water	As such, water utilities should be aware of how their process responds to water quality changes and adjust their treatment goals accordingly to optimize their process and minimize bromate formation.		high
#Q048	administrative	operational	guideline	Maximum Anticipated Dose Consideration in Purchasing	drinking water	Thus, it is important that water utilities consider the maximum anticipated dose at their facilities when purchasing hypochlorite solutions to ensure that the product MUL can achieve this anticipated maximum dose (ANSI/AWWA, 2010).	When purchasing hypochlorite solutions	high
#Q049	administrative	operational	recommended	Jurisdictional Guidance	drinking water	Specific guidance related to the implementation of drinking water guidelines should be obtained from the appropriate drinking water authority in the affected jurisdiction.		high
#Q050	operational	operational	mandatory	Consider Treatment Trade-offs	drinking water	Water utilities must consider the trade-offs when implementing these control strategies [pH depression, ammonia or chlorine-ammonia addition], as outlined in Sections 7.3.4 and 7.3.7.	When implementing bromate control strategies	high
#Q051	operational	operational	mandatory	Consider Water Quality for Ammonia Addition	drinking water	As increased pH affects disinfection targets, water utilities must consider water quality characteristics when implementing ammonia addition as a control strategy.	When implementing ammonia addition for bromate control	high
#Q052	operational	operational	recommended	Store Hypochlorite Out of Sunlight	drinking water	To minimize temperature increases, the product should be stored out of direct sunlight.	Storage of hypochlorite solutions	high
#Q053	operational	operational	recommended	Hypochlorite Stock Rotation	drinking water	Rotate stock and minimize the quantity of aged product in storage tanks prior to the delivery of new product.	Storage of hypochlorite solutions	high
#Q054	monitoring	operational	recommended	Rainwater and Snowmelt Bromide Testing	drinking water	Water sources that are highly dependent on rainwater or snowmelt should also be tested to determine the bromide concentration in raw water, particularly if drinking water is disinfected using ozonation or chlorination, because of the potential to form bromate or chlorination DBPs, respectively.	Water sources highly dependent on rainwater or snowmelt	high
#Q055	operational	operational	recommended	OSG Hypochlorite Storage Duration	drinking water	Given the typical pH range of on-site generation (OSG) hypochlorite (pH 9−10), such solutions should be used as soon as possible after manufacture and should not be stored for more than 1−2 days.	For utilities using on-site generated (OSG) hypochlorite	high
#Q056	administrative	operational	recommended	Manufacturer pH Specification Verification	drinking water	utilities should continue to insist that manufacturer specifications include pH control in the range of 11−13.	When purchasing hypochlorite solutions	high
#Q057	design	health	recommended	Residential Treatment Standards	drinking water	it is recommended that drinking water treatment devices certified as meeting NSF/ANSI Standard 58 (Reverse Osmosis Drinking Water Treatment Systems), NSF/ANSI Standard 62 (Drinking Water Distillation Systems) or NSF/ANSI Standard 53 (Drinking Water Treatment Units – Health Effects) be used.	For residential scale treatment	high
#Q058	operational	operational	recommended	Optimize System Operation for Ozone Dose	drinking water	The goal for optimized system operation should be to meet treatment objectives with the lowest possible ozone dose.	For facilities using ozone	high
#Q059	operational	operational	guidance	Determine Ozone Demand and Decay	drinking water	Determining the O3 demand and decay beforehand will help optimize the process.	Prior to ozonation treatment	high
#Q060	operational	health	recommended	Consider Nitrogen-Containing DBP Formation	drinking water	The potential to form nitrogen-containing disinfection by-products should nonetheless be considered (Westerhoff, 2014).	When considering ammonia addition for bromate control	high
#Q061	administrative	operational	mandatory	Water Safety Plan Validation Protocols	drinking water	Compliance monitoring is determined and other protocols to validate the water safety plan are implemented (e.g., record keeping, consumer satisfaction).	As part of the risk management or water safety plan approach	high
#Q062	design	operational	recommended	Ozone Design Dose Determination	drinking water	the O3 design dose should be determined relative to treatment objectives (e.g., disinfection, taste and odour control, colour removal, etc.) and seasonal source water characteristics.	When designing or installing ozone treatment systems	high
#Q063	design	operational	recommended	Ozone Dosing Location Establishment	drinking water	The location where O3 will be dosed (pre-ozonation or intermediate ozonation) should also be established as it relates to treatment objectives.	When designing or installing ozone treatment systems	high
#Q064	operational	operational	recommended	Corrective Action and Incident Response Protocols	drinking water	Operational monitoring is then established and operational/management protocols, including corrective actions and incident responses, are instituted.	As part of implementing a risk management or water safety plan approach	high

P Quantitative Requirements (24)

Req ID	Category	Intent	Legal Status	Name	Subdomain(s)	Limit Type	Limit Value	Context	Conditions	Confidence
#P001	chemical	health	mandatory	Bromate	drinking water	MAC	<= 0.01 mg/L	A maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) of 0.01 mg/L (10 µg/L) is established for bromate in drinking water, based on a locational running annual average of a minimum of quarterly samples.	based on a locational running annual average of a minimum of quarterly samples	high
#P002	chemical	health	mandatory	Bromate	drinking water	MAC	<= 10 µg/L	A maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) of 0.01 mg/L (10 µg/L) is established for bromate in drinking water	based on a locational running annual average of a minimum of quarterly samples	high
#P003	operational	treatment	recommended	Chlorine (maximum use level)	drinking water	requirement	<= 10 mg Cl2/L	Purchase hypochlorite solutions that are certified as meeting NSF International (NSF) /American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Standard 60 for the maximum use level (MUL) of 10 mg Cl2/L		high
#P004	chemical	reporting	recommended	Bromate	drinking water	requirement	<= 0.005 mg/L	The analytical method used to measure bromate concentrations should have a reporting limit of 0.005 mg/L (5 µg/L) or less.		high
#P005	chemical	reporting	recommended	Bromate (reporting limit)	drinking water	requirement	<= 5 µg/L	The analytical method used to measure bromate concentrations should have a reporting limit of 0.005 mg/L (5 µg/L) or less.		high
#P006	chemical	health	mandatory	Bromate (single product allowable concentration)	drinking water	requirement	<= 0.0033 mg/L	Based on the limited number of bromate sources (i.e., ozonation of bromide-containing waters, use of hypochlorite solutions and a third unspecified source), the SPAC for bromate is 0.0033 mg/L	Applies to treatment chemicals under NSF/ANSI Standard 60	high
#P007	operational	treatment	mandatory	Chlorine (maximum use level)	drinking water	requirement	>= 2 mg Cl2/L	the total concentration of bromate must not exceed 0.0033 mg/L and the MUL must not be less than 2 mg Cl2/L	For lower maximum feed concentrations of chlorine generated on-site	high
#P008	chemical	operational	mandatory	Bromide	drinking water	requirement	<= 59 mg/kg	NSF/ANSI Standard 60 specifies that bromide should not exceed 59 mg/kg in NaCl at a chlorine maximum feed concentration of 10 mg/L provided there is no bromide in the water used for brine.	Bromide in water used for brine = 0.0 mg/L	high
#P009	chemical	operational	mandatory	Maximum allowable bromide in salt	drinking water	requirement	<= 52 ppm	Table 5. Bromate concentration in treated water as a function of bromide concentration in salt used for on-site generation of hypochlorite solutions	Bromide in water used for brine = 0.05 mg/L	high
#P010	chemical	operational	mandatory	Maximum allowable bromide in salt	drinking water	requirement	<= 36 ppm	If there is 0.5 mg/L of bromide in the water used for brine, the maximum amount of bromide permitted in the salt drops to 36 mg/kg	Bromide in water used for brine = 0.5 mg/L	high
#P011	chemical	operational	mandatory	Maximum allowable bromide in salt	drinking water	requirement	<= 18 ppm	Table 5. Bromate concentration in treated water as a function of bromide concentration in salt used for on-site generation of hypochlorite solutions	Bromide in water used for brine = 1.0 mg/L	high
#P012	chemical	reporting	recommended	Bromide (method detection limit)	drinking water	requirement	<= 0.01 mg/L	It is recommended that the MDL for bromide be 0.01 mg/L (10 µg/L) or less		high
#P013	chemical	operational	guideline	Bromate (Practical Quantitation Level)	drinking water	requirement	10 µg/L	In the second six-year review of existing National Primary Drinking Water Regulations, the U.S. EPA maintained the practical quantitation level (PQL) for bromate at 10 µg/L.		high
#P014	design	treatment	guidance	Ozone/DOC dose ratio	drinking water	OG	0.5 - 1.0 mg O3/mg DOC	Typical O3/DOC dose ratios reported in the literature generally range from 0.5 to 1.0 mg O3/mg DOC.		high
#P015	operational	treatment	guidance	Typical Ozone Dose	drinking water	OG	0.1 - 5 mg/L	Westerhoff et al. (2005) reported that O3 doses and concentrations relevant to the drinking water industry typically range from 0.1 to 5 mg/L.		high
#P016	operational	treatment	recommended	Dissolved Oxygen (DO)	drinking water	requirement	< 2 mg/L	Kirisits et al. (2001) found that biologically active carbon (BAC) could reduce an influent bromate concentration of 20 µg/L by up to 40%, but the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration had to be less than 2 mg/L to support bromate-reducing biomass.	To support bromate-reducing biomass in BAC filters	high
#P017	chemical	health	guidance	Bromate (HBV, Non-cancer)	drinking water	requirement	0.04 mg/L	Therefore, a HBV of 0.04 mg/L (40 µg/L) for non-cancer effects resulting from exposure to bromate in drinking water is calculated with the default approach.	Based on urothelial hyperplasia in rats	high
#P018	chemical	health	guidance	Bromate (HBV, Cancer)	drinking water	requirement	0.004 mg/L	the HBV for bromate in drinking water is determined to be 0.004 mg/L (4 µg/L), based on an excess lifetime cancer risk of 10-5.	Associated with an excess lifetime cancer risk of 1 in 100,000	high
#P019	operational	treatment	recommended	Hypochlorite Solution Storage pH	drinking water	OG	11 - 13 pH	Control the pH of stored hypochlorite solutions at pH 11−13 even after dilution.	Applies to stored sodium hypochlorite solutions to balance decomposition and perchlorate formation.	high
#P020	operational	operational	recommended	Hypochlorite Sampling Point (Solution Depletion)	drinking water	requirement	80 %	Sampling when approximately 80% of the solution is used will provide a close estimate of the maximum amount of bromate being added to the treated water.	For facilities using hypochlorite solutions to capture 'worst-case' exposure in the sampling plan.	high
#P021	operational	reporting	recommended	Monitoring Frequency (Treated Water)	drinking water	requirement	>= 4 samples/year	At a minimum, quarterly monitoring of treated water from surface water and groundwater sources is recommended at facilities using ozone or hypochlorite solutions to verify that the MAC is being achieved.	Applies to facilities using ozone or hypochlorite solutions	high
#P022	operational	reporting	recommended	Monitoring Frequency (Raw Water Bromide)	drinking water	requirement	>= 4 samples/year	Quarterly monitoring of raw water bromide is recommended to characterize the source water and allow correlation to bromate.	Frequency may be reduced if monitoring for bromate does not show elevated concentrations after source characterization.	high
#P023	chemical	health	guidance	Essentially Negligible Cancer Risk Range	drinking water	requirement	10^-5 - 10^-6 excess cancer risk	Health Canada has defined 'essentially negligible' as a range from one new cancer above background levels per 100 000 people to one new cancer above background levels per 1 million people (i.e., 10-5–10-6).		high
#P024	operational	operational	recommended	OSG Hypochlorite Storage Duration	drinking water	OG	<= 2 days	Given the typical pH range of on-site generation (OSG) hypochlorite (pH 9−10), such solutions should be used as soon as possible after manufacture and should not be stored for more than 1−2 days.	Applies to on-site generation (OSG) hypochlorite due to lower pH range.	high

D Definitions (99)

Req ID	Name	Context	Confidence
#D001	essentially negligible	a range from one new cancer above background levels per 100 000 people to one new cancer above background levels per 1 million people (i.e., 10-5–10-6)	high
#D002	8-OHdG	8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine	high
#D003	8-oxodG	8-oxodeoxyguanosine	high
#D004	AF	allocation factor	high
#D005	ANSI	American National Standards Institute	high
#D006	AUC	area under the plasma concentration–time curve	high
#D007	AUCd	daily area under the plasma concentration–time curve	high
#D008	AWWA	American Water Works Association	high
#D009	BAC	biologically active carbon	high
#D010	BAT	best available technology	high
#D011	BBNa	barbital sodium	high
#D012	BMD	benchmark dose	high
#D013	BMD10	benchmark dose for a 10% response	high
#D014	BMDL10	lower 95% confidence limit on the benchmark dose for a 10% response	high
#D015	BMDS	Benchmark Dose Software	high
#D016	BrdU	bromodeoxyuridine	high
#D017	BV	bed volume	high
#D018	bw	body weight	high
#D019	BW	body weight	high
#D020	CAS	Chemical Abstracts Service	high
#D021	Cavg	average plasma concentration	high
#D022	CFIA	Canadian Food Inspection Agency	high
#D023	DBP	disinfection by-product	high
#D024	DNA	deoxyribonucleic acid	high
#D025	DO	dissolved oxygen	high
#D026	DOC	dissolved organic carbon	high
#D027	dUTP	2′-deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate	high
#D028	EBCT	empty bed contact time	high
#D029	ED	electrodialysis	high
#D030	EDR	electrodialysis reversal	high
#D031	EHEN	N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethylnitrosamine	high
#D032	GAC	granular activated carbon	high
#D033	GSH	glutathione	high
#D034	HAA	haloacetic acid	high
#D035	HBV	health-based value	high
#D036	IARC	International Agency for Research on Cancer	high
#D037	ILSI	International Life Sciences Institute	high
#D038	IPCS	International Programme on Chemical Safety	high
#D039	LD50	median lethal dose	high
#D040	LOAEL	lowest-observed-adverse-effect level	high
#D041	MAC	maximum acceptable concentration	high
#D042	MDL	method detection limit	high
#D043	MOA	mode of action	high
#D044	MRL	minimum reporting level	high
#D045	MUL	maximum use level	high
#D046	NOAEL	no-observed-adverse-effect level	high
#D047	NOEL	no-observed-effect level	high
#D048	NOM	natural organic matter	high
#D049	NSF	NSF International	high
#D050	NTP	National Toxicology Program (United States)	high
#D051	PAC	powdered activated carbon	high
#D052	PBPK	physiologically based pharmacokinetic	high
#D053	PCR	post-column reagent	high
#D054	pKa	acid dissociation constant	high
#D055	ppb	parts per billion	high
#D056	ppm	parts per million	high
#D057	PQL	practical quantitation level	high
#D058	RO	reverse osmosis	high
#D059	SCC	Standards Council of Canada	high
#D060	SPAC	single product allowable concentration	high
#D061	SUVA	specific UV254 absorbance	high
#D062	TBARS	thiobarbituric acid–reactive substances	high
#D063	TDI	tolerable daily intake	high
#D064	TDS	total dissolved solids	high
#D065	THM	trihalomethane	high
#D066	TOC	total organic carbon	high
#D067	TSH	thyroid stimulating hormone	high
#D068	TUNEL	terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling	high
#D069	UF	uncertainty factor	high
#D070	UL	Underwriters Laboratories	high
#D071	EPA	Environmental Protection Agency (United States)	high
#D072	UV	ultraviolet	high
#D073	UV254	ultraviolet absorbance at a wavelength of 254 nm	high
#D074	UV/VIS	ultraviolet/visible	high
#D075	MAC	maximum acceptable concentration	high
#D076	reactive bromine	the acid/base pair hypobromous acid (HOBr) and hypobromite ion (OBr−)	high
#D077	AOP	advanced oxidation process	high
#D078	Cmax	peak plasma concentrations	high
#D079	T3	triiodothyronine	high
#D080	T4	thyroxine	high
#D081	MDL	the minimum concentration that can be identified, measured and reported with 99% confidence that the analyte concentration is greater than zero	high
#D082	MRL	the minimum concentration that laboratories feel confident reporting to data users	high
#D083	SPAC	the maximum concentration that can be contributed to drinking water when hypochlorite is dosed at its MUL, typically based on dosing up to 10 mg Cl2/L	high
#D084	NOM	a term used to describe the complex composition of organic material present in source waters	high
#D085	OSG	on-site generation	high
#D086	H2O2/UV	Hydrogen peroxide with ultraviolet disinfection	high
#D087	bromate ion	BrO3–; Chemical Abstracts Service [CAS] Registry No. 15541-45-4) that has a molecular mass of 127.9 Da	high
#D088	ototoxicity	irreversible hearing loss	high
#D089	CPlavg	average plasma concentration	high
#D090	HOBr	hypobromous acid	high
#D091	OBr−	hypobromite ion	high
#D092	OH•	hydroxyl radicals	high
#D093	O3	ozone	high
#D094	H2O2	hydrogen peroxide	high
#D095	HCO3−	bicarbonate	high
#D096	CO32−	carbonate	high
#D097	O2−	superoxide	high
#D098	CO3•−	carbonate radical	high
#D099	Potassium bromate	a colourless and odourless crystal that is soluble in water and dissociates into the bromate ion and metal. It has a molecular mass of 167.0 Da, a water solubility of 75 g/L at 25°C and negligible vapour pressure and Henry’s law constant	high