| Req ID | Category | Intent | Legal Status | Name | Subdomain(s) | Context | Conditions | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| #Q001 | monitoring | operational | recommended | SPADNS Colorimetric Method Sample Preparation | drinking water | When using this method, the preliminary distillation method 4500F-B should be used to prepare sample when these contain interfering ions or are coloured or turbid. | When using the SPADNS colorimetric method and samples contain interfering ions or are coloured or turbid | high |
| #Q002 | treatment | operational | mandatory | Activated Alumina Pretreatment | drinking water | In order to prevent fouling of the AA column, there needs to be sufficient oxidation of iron and manganese ions followed by filtration of the raw water, before the AA beds. | When using Activated Alumina (AA) treatment technology | high |
| #Q003 | treatment | operational | guidance | Activated Alumina pH Adjustment | drinking water | In order to optimize the removal efficiency of the process, an adjustment of a pH of the water may be required, prior to and after the treatment process. | To optimize the removal efficiency of the Activated Alumina process | high |
| #Q004 | treatment | operational | mandatory | Reverse Osmosis Pretreatment | drinking water | A pretreatment of the feed water is required to prevent scaling and fouling of the RO membranes. | When using Reverse Osmosis (RO) treatment systems | high |
| #Q005 | treatment | treatment | mandatory | Reverse Osmosis Post-treatment | drinking water | The RO product water typically requires post-treatment, consisting of pH and alkalinity adjustments (U.S. EPA, 1984, 2002). | After Reverse Osmosis (RO) treatment | high |
| #Q006 | design | operational | recommended | Membrane Selection Testing | drinking water | Results from this study also indicated that water quality and pilot-scale membrane units should be used when selecting membranes for full scale applications (Cohen and Conrad, 1998). | When selecting membranes for full-scale applications | medium |
| #Q007 | treatment | operational | mandatory | Lime Softening pH Adjustment | drinking water | As the magnesium hydroxide precipitates at a pH greater than 10.5, adjustment of the pH is necessary. | When using the lime softening process | high |
| #Q008 | treatment | treatment | recommended | Lime Softening Application Restriction | drinking water | Lime softening is an expensive process and is not recommended unless there is also a need to reduce hardness in the raw water (Singh and Clifford, 1981; U.S. EPA, 1984, 2002). | Considered for fluoride removal | high |
| #Q009 | treatment | treatment | recommended | Additional Residential Treatment Restriction | drinking water | Generally, it is not recommended that drinking water treatment devices be used to provide additional treatment to municipally treated drinking water. | Applicable to users receiving municipally treated drinking water | high |
| #Q010 | treatment | health | recommended | Residential Treatment Device Certification | drinking water | Health Canada does not recommend specific brands of drinking water treatment devices, but it strongly recommends that consumers use devices that have been certified by an accredited certification body as meeting the appropriate NSF International/American National Standards Institute (ANSI) drinking water treatment unit standards. | When consumers select private residential drinking water treatment devices | high |
| #Q011 | treatment | operational | guidance | Residential RO Pretreatment | drinking water | A consumer may need to pretreat the influent water to reduce fouling and extend the service life of the membrane. | When operating point-of-use reverse osmosis (RO) systems | high |
| #Q012 | monitoring | operational | recommended | Residential Treatment Device Testing | drinking water | Periodic testing by an accredited laboratory should be conducted on both the water entering the treatment device and the water it produces to verify that the treatment device is effective. | When using residential drinking water treatment devices | high |
| #Q013 | operational | operational | recommended | Residential Treatment Device Maintenance | drinking water | Devices can lose removal capacity through usage and time, and need to be maintained and/or replaced. Consumers should verify the expected longevity of the components in their treatment device as per the manufacturer's recommendations. | Over the operational lifespan of residential drinking water treatment devices | high |
| #Q014 | operational | health | recommended | Toothpaste Use for Children Under 3 | other | Health Canada recommends children under the age of three should have their teeth brushed by an adult without using any toothpaste. | For children under the age of three | high |
| #Q015 | operational | health | recommended | Toothpaste Use for Children 3-6 | other | Health Canada also recommends children 3-6 years of age should be supervised during brushing and use only a small amount (e.g., pea-sized portion) of fluoridated toothpaste. | For children 3-6 years of age | high |
| #Q016 | monitoring | health | recommended | Monitoring Dental Fluorosis Prevalence | drinking water | The experts from the fluoride expert panel meeting recommend monitoring the prevalence of dental fluorosis in the Canadian population on an on-going basis, based on a clear definition for "moderate dental fluorosis," and using a common rating system that is compatible and/or comparable between researchers (Health Canada, 2008). | high | |
| #Q017 | operational | operational | recommended | Bone Char pH Maintenance | drinking water | Bone char is soluble in acid and the recommended pH to prevent loss of the media is approximately 7.0. | When using bone char for fluoride removal | high |
| #Q018 | treatment | operational | guidance | Magnesium Salt Addition in Lime Softening | drinking water | If the raw water has a low magnesium content, magnesium salt may be added. | When using lime softening and the raw water has a low magnesium content | high |
| #Q019 | administrative | unknown | mandatory | Certification Body Accreditation | drinking water | Certification organizations provide assurance that a product conforms to applicable standards and must be accredited by the Standards Council of Canada (SCC). | For organizations certifying drinking water devices and materials meeting NSF/ANSI standards | high |
| #Q020 | operational | unknown | mandatory | Treatment Sludge Management | drinking water | This quantity would result in generation of a large volume of sludge, which requires pretreatment and disposal (U.S. EPA, 2002). | When using treatment processes like alum coagulation or lime softening that generate significant sludge volumes | high |
| Req ID | Category | Intent | Legal Status | Name | Subdomain(s) | Limit Type | Limit Value | Context | Conditions | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| #P001 | chemical | treatment | mandatory | Fluoride (NSF/ANSI Standard 58 influent challenge) | drinking water | requirement | 8.0 mg/L | For a drinking water treatment device to be certified to NSF/ANSI Standards 58, the device must be capable of reducing the concentration of fluoride in water from an influent (challenge) concentration of 8.0 mg/L | Reverse Osmosis Drinking Water Treatment Systems | high |
| #P002 | chemical | treatment | mandatory | Fluoride (NSF/ANSI Standard 58 maximum effluent) | drinking water | MAC | <= 1.5 mg/L | reduce the concentration of fluoride in water to a maximum of 1.5 mg/L | Reverse Osmosis Drinking Water Treatment Systems | high |
| #P003 | chemical | treatment | mandatory | Fluoride (NSF/ANSI Standard 62 influent challenge) | drinking water | requirement | 8.0 mg/L | For a drinking water treatment device to be certified to NSF/ANSI Standard 62, the device must be capable of reducing the concentration of fluoride in water from an influent (challenge) concentration of 8.0 mg/L | Drinking Water Distillation Systems | high |
| #P004 | chemical | treatment | mandatory | Fluoride (NSF/ANSI Standard 62 maximum effluent) | drinking water | MAC | <= 2.0 mg/L | reduce the concentration of fluoride in water to maximum of 2.0 mg/L | Drinking Water Distillation Systems | high |
| #P005 | chemical | health | recommended | Fluoride (optimal target concentration) | drinking water | treatment_goal | 0.7 mg/L | the optimal concentration of fluoride in drinking water for dental health has been determined to be 0.7 mg/L. | Where municipalities choose to fluoridate their water supplies as a public health measure for the prevention of dental caries | high |
| #P006 | chemical | health | guidance | Fluoride (health-based value) | drinking water | unknown | 0.9 mg/L | The health-based value for fluoride is 0.9 milligrams per litre | high | |
| #P007 | chemical | health | guideline | Fluoride (World Health Organization guideline) | drinking water | unknown | 1.5 mg/L | The World Health Organization first established a guideline for fluoride in drinking water of 1.5 mg/L in 1984 | Based on increased risk of objectionable dental fluorosis | high |
| #P008 | chemical | health | guideline | Fluoride (Australia guideline) | drinking water | unknown | 1.5 mg/L | In Australia, the guideline value of 1.5 mg/L has been established | To protect children from the risk of dental fluorosis | high |
| #P009 | chemical | health | mandatory | Fluoride (United States EPA Maximum Contaminant Level) | drinking water | MAC | 4 mg/L | The United States EPA's Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for fluoride in drinking water is 4 mg/L | To protect against crippling skeletal fluorosis | high |
| #P010 | chemical | aesthetic | mandatory | Fluoride (United States EPA secondary MCL) | drinking water | AO | 2 mg/L | with a secondary MCL of 2 mg/L to protect against dental fluorosis | United States EPA considers a cosmetic rather than adverse effect | high |
| #P011 | chemical | health | mandatory | Fluoride (California MCL) | drinking water | MAC | 1.4-2.4 mg/L | The California MCL for fluoride in drinking water is 1.4 to 2.4 mg/L | Depending on the ambient temperature | high |
| #P012 | chemical | health | guideline | Fluoride (European Union Drinking Water Directive - naturally occurring) | drinking water | unknown | 1.5 mg/L | The European Union Drinking Water Directive (1998) recommends a standard value of 1.5 mg/L | For supplies with naturally occurring fluoride | high |
| #P013 | chemical | health | guideline | Fluoride (European Union Drinking Water Directive - fluoridated) | drinking water | unknown | 1.0 mg/L | The European Union Drinking Water Directive (1998) recommends a standard value... of 1.0 mg/L | For fluoridated supplies | high |
| #P014 | chemical | health | mandatory | Fluoride (Maximum Acceptable Concentration) | drinking water | MAC | 1.5 mg/L | exposure to fluoride in drinking water at typical levels found in Canadian drinking water (e.g. at the maximum acceptable concentration of 1.5 mg/L) | high | |
| #P015 | chemical | health | guideline | Fluoride (Tolerable Daily Intake) | drinking water | requirement | 105 µg/kg bw/day | Adding all the sources of exposure relevant to Dean's time, the updated TDI is about 105 µg/kg bw/day. | To prevent moderate dental fluorosis for a 1- to 4-year-old child | high |
| #P016 | chemical | operational | mandatory | Fluoride (US EPA Practical Quantitation Limit) | drinking water | requirement | 0.5 mg/L | The current U.S. EPA practical quantitation limit (PQL) (based on the ability of laboratories to measure the concentration of an analyte within reasonable limits of precision and accuracy) for fluoride is 0.5 mg/L | high | |
| #P017 | operational | treatment | recommended | Alum Coagulation Fluoride Removal (Optimal pH) | drinking water | OG | 6.2-7.0 pH | Experimental data illustrated that the optimum pH range for removal of fluoride is between 6.2 and 7.0 | high | |
| #P018 | operational | treatment | recommended | Activated Alumina Fluoride Removal (Optimal pH) | drinking water | OG | 5.5-6.0 pH | optimum fluoride removal by AA is achieved at pH between 5.5 and 6.0 | high | |
| #P019 | operational | treatment | mandatory | Lime Softening Fluoride Removal (Required pH) | drinking water | requirement | > 10.5 pH | As the magnesium hydroxide precipitates at a pH greater than 10.5, adjustment of the pH is necessary. | When using lime softening for fluoride removal | high |
| #P020 | operational | treatment | recommended | Bone Char Fluoride Removal (Recommended pH) | drinking water | OG | 7.0 pH | Bone char is soluble in acid and the recommended pH to prevent loss of the media is approximately 7.0. | When using bone char for fluoride removal | high |
| #P021 | operational | reporting | guideline | Fluoride (WHO Daily Intake Trigger) | drinking water | requirement | 6 mg/day | WHO mentioned that where intakes are likely to approach or be greater than 6 mg/day, it would be appropriate to consider setting a standard or local guideline at a concentration lower than 1.5 mg/L | Applicable when evaluating local guideline adjustments | high |
| #P022 | chemical | health | guidance | Fluoride (Minimum Acute Adverse Effect Threshold) | drinking water | unknown | 5 mg/kg bw | An acute dose of 5 mg fluoride/kg bw has been considered to be the minimum that might lead to adverse health effects | Single acute ingestion | high |
| #P023 | physical | operational | guideline | SPADNS Colorimetric Method (Linear Analytical Range) | drinking water | requirement | 0-1.4 mg/L | The SPADNS 4500F-D colorimetric method... has a linear analytical range of 0 to 1.4 mg/L. | Method SM 4500F-D | high |
| #P024 | physical | operational | guideline | Automated Complexone Method (Analytical Range) | drinking water | requirement | 0.1-2 mg/L | In the Automated Complexone method SM 4500F-E... The method is suitable for fluoride concentrations ranging from 0.1 mg/L to 2 mg/L. | Method SM 4500F-E | high |
| #P025 | operational | reporting | guideline | Fluoride (EPA Method 300.0 MDL) | drinking water | requirement | 0.01 mg F-/L | EPA method 300.0 Revision 2.1 is based on ion chromatography, and has a method detection limit (MDL) of 0.01 mg F-/L. | Analytical method approved by EPA | high |
| #P026 | operational | reporting | guideline | Fluoride (Method SM 4110B MDL) | drinking water | requirement | 0.002 mg F-/L | An MDL is not stated for method SM 4110B, but is identified as 0.002 mg F-/L in the most recent version of APHA et al. (2005). | Analytical method approved by EPA | high |
| #P027 | operational | reporting | guideline | Fluoride (CEAEQ Method MA.303 detection limit) | drinking water | requirement | 0.03 mg/L | The Centre d'expertise en analyse environnementale du Québec (CEAEQ, 2007) reported a method (MA.303 - Anions 1.0) for measuring fluoride in drinking water with a detection limit of 0.03 mg/L. | Method used in accredited laboratories in Quebec | high |
| #P028 | operational | reporting | guideline | Fluoride Analytical Range (Method SM 4500F-C) | drinking water | requirement | 0.1 to >10 mg/L | These methods are suitable for fluoride concentrations ranging from 0.1 mg/L to more than 10 mg/L (APHA et al.,1998) | Manual electrode method | high |
| #P029 | operational | reporting | guideline | Fluoride Analytical Range (Method D1179-93B) | drinking water | requirement | 0.1 to 1000 mg/L | These methods are suitable for fluoride concentrations ranging from... 0.1 mg/L to 1000 mg/L (ASTM, 1993) | Manual electrode method | high |
| #P030 | unknown | health | guidance | Standard Daily Soil Intake (0 to <6-month-olds) | other | unknown | 35 mg/day | The estimated standard values for the daily intake of soil in the Canadian population are 35 mg/day for 0- to <6-month-olds | Exposure assessment for the Canadian population | high |
| #P031 | unknown | health | guidance | Standard Daily Soil Intake (6-month- to <5-year-olds) | other | unknown | 50 mg/day | The estimated standard values for the daily intake of soil in the Canadian population are... 50 mg/day for 6-month- to <5-year-olds | Exposure assessment for the Canadian population | high |
| #P032 | unknown | health | guidance | Standard Daily Soil Intake (5- to <12-year-olds) | other | unknown | 35 mg/day | The estimated standard values for the daily intake of soil in the Canadian population are... 35 mg/day for 5- to <12-year-olds | Exposure assessment for the Canadian population | high |
| #P033 | unknown | health | guidance | Standard Daily Soil Intake (Adults) | other | unknown | 20 mg/day | The estimated standard values for the daily intake of soil in the Canadian population are... 20 mg/day for adults (Health Canada, 1994). | Exposure assessment for the Canadian population | high |
| #P034 | chemical | health | unknown | Fluoride Lethal Dose (LD100) | other | unknown | 32-64 mg/kg bw | The LD100 for fluoride in the average adult has been estimated to be 32-64 mg/kg bw (as sodium fluoride). | Acute ingestion in the average adult | high |
| Req ID | Category | Name | Context | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| #D001 | practical quantitation limit (PQL) | based on the ability of laboratories to measure the concentration of an analyte within reasonable limits of precision and accuracy | medium | |
| #D002 | AI | By definition, an AI is an average nutrient intake that appears to be sufficient to sustain a defined nutritional state in a specified population | high | |
| #D003 | Skeletal fluorosis | Skeletal fluorosis is an excessive accumulation of fluoride in bone associated with increased bone density and outgrowths (exostoses) | high | |
| #D004 | "crippling" skeletal fluorosis | Clinical stage III has been termed "crippling" skeletal fluorosis because mobility is affected as a result of excessive calcifications in joints, ligaments, and vertebral bodies | high | |
| #D005 | "equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity" | defined as a marginal increase in neoplasms that may be related to chemical administration | high | |
| #D006 | Dental fluorosis | Dental fluorosis is a permanent hypomineralization of tooth enamel due to fluoride-induced disruption of tooth development | high | |
| #D007 | "halo" or "diffusion" effect | occurs when foods and beverages processed in a fluoridated community are consumed in a non-fluoridated one and vice-versa | high | |
| #D008 | otosclerosis | formation of spongy bone in the ear | high | |
| #D009 | uroliathiasis | kidney stones | high | |
| #D010 | bone mineral density (BMD) | bone mineral density | high | |
| #D011 | fluorine gas | elemental form of fluorine rather than a combined form | high | |
| #D012 | disodium monofluorophosphate (MPF) | disodium monofluorophosphate | high | |
| #D013 | method detection limit (MDL) | method detection limit | high | |
| #D014 | United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) | United States Environmental Protection Agency | high | |
| #D015 | activated alumina (AA) | activated alumina | high | |
| #D016 | reverse osmosis (RO) | reverse osmosis | high | |
| #D017 | total dissolved solids (TDS) | total dissolved solids | high | |
| #D018 | polyaluminum chloride (PACl) | polyaluminum chloride | high | |
| #D019 | empty bed contact time (EBCT) | empty bed contact time | high | |
| #D020 | nanofiltration (NF) | nanofiltration | high | |
| #D021 | Lime softening (LS) | a precipitative process for the removal of calcium and magnesium ions of hard water | high | |
| #D022 | Anion exchange (AX) | a physical/chemical process which employs exchange of negatively charged ions in the raw water with ions sorbed at the solid phase of the synthetic resins | high | |
| #D023 | Electrodialysis (ED) | an electrochemical separation process in which ions are transported through semi-permeable membranes under the influence of an electric potential | high | |
| #D024 | Donnan Dialysis (DD) | process similar to ED/EDR, but the driving force of the process is a difference in the chemical potential rather than an electrical potential | high | |
| #D025 | Bone char | a blackish, porous, granular material with a specific affinity for fluoride | high | |
| #D026 | Standards Council of Canada (SCC) | Standards Council of Canada | high | |
| #D027 | physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) | physiologically-based pharmacokinetic | high | |
| #D028 | DMFT index | assess dental caries experience by counting the number of decayed (D), missing (M), and filled (F) permanent teeth (T) | high | |
| #D029 | sodium fluoride (NaF) | sodium fluoride | high | |
| #D030 | stannous fluoride (SnF2) | stannous fluoride | high | |
| #D031 | SPADNS colorimetric method | based on the reaction between fluoride and a zirconium-dye lake, where the colour of the sample becomes lighter as the fluoride concentration increases | high | |
| #D032 | sister chromatid exchange (SCE) | sister chromatid exchange | high | |
| #D033 | intelligence quotient (IQ) | intelligence quotient | high | |
| #D034 | no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs) | no-observed-adverse-effect levels | high | |
| #D035 | glutathione (GSH) | glutathione | high | |
| #D036 | Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) | Maximum Contaminant Level | high | |
| #D037 | Automated Complexone method SM 4500F-E | the sample is distilled, and the distillate reacts with alizarine fluorine blue-lanthanum reagent to form a blue complex | high | |
| #D038 | AA | gamma-aluminum trioxide | high | |
| #D039 | electrodialysis reversal (EDR) | the polarity of the electrodes is changed periodically across the ion exchange membranes | high | |
| #D040 | NCI SEER | National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results | high | |
| #D041 | sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) | sudden infant death syndrome | high | |
| #D042 | DMFS | decayed, missing and filled tooth surface index | high | |
| #D043 | tolerable daily intake (TDI) | tolerable daily intake | high | |
| #D044 | Health-based Value (HBV) | Health-based Value | high | |
| #D045 | relative risk (RR) | relative risk | high | |
| #D046 | confidence interval (CI) | confidence interval | high | |
| #D047 | National Toxicology Program (NTP) | National Toxicology Program | high | |
| #D048 | International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) | International Agency for Research on Cancer | high | |
| #D049 | acetylcholinesterase (AChE) | acetylcholinesterase | high | |
| #D050 | gestation days (GD) | gestation days | high | |
| #D051 | aMT6s | urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin | high | |
| #D052 | T4 | thyroxine | high | |
| #D053 | T3 | triiodothyronine | high | |
| #D054 | nAChRs | neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors | high | |
| #D055 | dfs | decayed or filled surfaces | high | |
| #D056 | AlF3 | aluminum fluoride | high | |
| #D057 | As2O3 | arsenic trioxide | high |